Abstract: Objectives　 To study the current status of child neglect and its influencing factors in children aged 3-6 years in rural Henan. Methods　Scales and evaluation methods in the "Chinese rural child aged 3-6 years neglected evaluation model" were applied in this study. The neglect rate and the neglect degree were used to describe the neglect status of rural children aged 3-6 years in Henan. The influencing factors for child neglect were also analyzed. Results　The total neglect rate in 450 enrolled children was 37.1% (167/450). The total neglect degree was 51.9±6.5. The boys had significantly higher neglect rate than girls (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in neglect degree between boys and girls (P>0.05). There were significant differences in neglect rate and neglect degree among the different age groups (P<0.05), the higher neglect rate and higher neglect degree over age. The neglect rate and neglect degree in nuclear families and families with three generations were lower than those in single-parent families and remarried families (P<0.05). The neglect rate and neglect degree in non-only children were higher than those in only children (P<0.05). The left-behind children had significantly higher neglect rate and neglect degree than children living with parents (P<0.05). Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk factors of child neglect were single-parent families (OR = 4.78, 95% CI : 2.10-10.87) and remarried families (OR=4.53, 95% CI : 1.99-10.01). The protective factors of child neglect were parents working on science (OR = 0.20, 95% CI : 0.10-0.67) and living with parents (OR = 0.03, 95% CI : 0.00-0.54). Conclusions　The neglect status is serious in Henan rural children, particularly in left-behind children.